Important Program of C language in O level exam january 2019

Important Program of C language in O level exam january 2019


All files can be categorized into one of two file formats — binary or text. The two file types may look the same on the surface, but they encode data differently.

Binary Files

Binary files typically contain a sequence of bytes, or ordered groupings of eight bits. When creating a custom file format for a program, a developer arranges these bytes into a format that stores the necessary information for the application. Binary file formats may include multiple types of data in the same file, such as image, video, and audio data. This data can be interpreted by supporting programs, but will show up as garbled text in a text editor. Below is an example of a .PNG image file opened in an image viewer and a text editor

Text Files

Text files are more restrictive than binary files since they can only contain textual data. However, unlike binary files, they are less likely to become corrupted. While a small error in a binary file may make it unreadable, a small error in a text file may simply show up once the file has been opened. This is one of reasons Microsoft switched to a compressed text-based XML format for the Office 2007 file types.

Text files may be saved in either a plain text (.TXT) format and rich text (.RTF) format. A typical plain text file contains several lines of text that are each followed by an End-of-Line (EOL) character. An End-of-File (EOF) marker is placed after the final character, which signals the end of the file. Rich text files use a similar file structure, but may also include text styles, such as bold and italics, as well as page formatting information. Both plain text and rich text files include a (character encoding| character encoding) scheme that determines how the characters are interpreted and what characters can be displayed.


calloc() vs malloc()

The name malloc and calloc() are library functions that allocate memory dynamically. It means that memory is allocated during runtime(execution of the program) from heap segment.
Initialization: malloc() allocates memory block of given size (in bytes) and returns a pointer to the beginning of the block. malloc() doesn’t initialize the allocated memory. If we try to acess the content of memory block then we’ll get garbage values.

syntax-:

void * malloc( size_t size );

calloc() allocates the memory and also initializes the allocates memory block to zero. If we try to access the content of these blocks then we’ll get 0

syntax:-

void * calloc( size_t num, size_t size );

Number of arguments: Unlike malloc(), calloc() takes two arguments:
1) Number of blocks to be allocated.
2) Size of each block.

Return Value: After successfull allocation in malloc() and calloc(), a pointer to the block of memory is returned otherwise NULL value is returned which indicates the failure of allocation.


These were some of the important questions that the probability of coming in is very high in the C language paper(O level) which will be held in 14 Jan 2019. All the best then all of you. I hope these articles will help you so please like and share.. thank you..

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